

Will my ability to play games be significantly affected compared to Windows?
A lot of stuff runs with windows emulation as if it’s native. It’s the same method the steam deck uses and so Valve actively do work to keep it working. The main problem is games with heavy anti-cheat.
Can I mod games as freely and as easily as I do on Windows?
Generally, yes. I think so.
If a program has no Linux version, is it unusable, or are there workarounds?
See above.
Can Linux run programs that rely on frameworks like .NET or other Windows-specific libraries?
There’s .NET libraries for Linux, but things have to be recompiled to use them.
How do OS updates work in Linux? Is there a “Linux Update” program like what Windows has?
The distribution maintainer will issue updates on a regular basis. Update procedure is different for different distros, but all have a push-button update scheme. It’s pretty solid these days.
How does digital security work on Linux? Is it more vulnerable due to being open source? Is there integrated antivirus software, or will I have to source that myself?
Keep your system up to date with security updates, and you’ll tend to be fine. Smaller user base tends to mean that there’s far less malware. Antivirus isn’t necessary.
Obviously phishing scams don’t care what OS you’re on, so mind what you click.
Are GPU drivers reliable on Linux?
AMD ones are very solid.
Nvidia ones can be a pain from what I hear, but I don’t buy green.
Can Linux (in the case of a misconfiguration or serious failure) potentially damage hardware?
No.
That said… You can always wipe a disk when you install an OS.
And also, what distro might be best for me?
Download a few Live-USB images and try them out. You don’t need to install them to get a desktop and a browser up. You can see if there’s any compatibility issues with your hardware.
Whichever works for you, go with it.
I knew as I wrote it that somebody would come along and say “Wine/Proton is not an emulator” but I didn’t want to get into the detail.